diff --git a/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/undo/accept.ts b/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/undo/accept.ts
index 9c5174ed6..fa4eea44c 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/undo/accept.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/undo/accept.ts
@@ -22,5 +22,5 @@ export default async (actor: CacheableRemoteUser, activity: IAccept): Promise<st
 		return 'ok: unfollowed';
 	}
 
-	return 'skip: フォローされていない';
+	return 'skip: not followed';
 };
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/admin/federation/update-instance.ts b/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/admin/federation/update-instance.ts
index 93b311579..9b2e86511 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/admin/federation/update-instance.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/admin/federation/update-instance.ts
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ export const paramDef = {
 } as const;
 
 // eslint-disable-next-line import/no-default-export
-export default define(meta, paramDef, async (ps, me) => {
+export default define(meta, paramDef, async (ps) => {
 	const instanceExists = await Instances.countBy({ host: toPuny(ps.host) });
 
 	if (!instanceExists) {
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/services/add-note-to-antenna.ts b/packages/backend/src/services/add-note-to-antenna.ts
index d502be254..ecb57376c 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/services/add-note-to-antenna.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/services/add-note-to-antenna.ts
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import { genId } from '@/misc/gen-id.js';
 import { isUserRelated } from '@/misc/is-user-related.js';
 import { publishAntennaStream, publishMainStream } from '@/services/stream.js';
 import { User } from '@/models/entities/user.js';
+import { SECOND } from '@/const.js';
 
 export async function addNoteToAntenna(antenna: Antenna, note: Note, noteUser: { id: User['id']; }): Promise<void> {
 	// If it's set to not notify the user, or if it's the user's own post, read it.
@@ -49,6 +50,6 @@ export async function addNoteToAntenna(antenna: Antenna, note: Note, noteUser: {
 			if (unread) {
 				publishMainStream(antenna.userId, 'unreadAntenna', antenna);
 			}
-		}, 2000);
+		}, 2 * SECOND);
 	}
 }
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/services/following/create.ts b/packages/backend/src/services/following/create.ts
index f588379f8..7ad85dd99 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/services/following/create.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/services/following/create.ts
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ export default async function(_follower: { id: User['id'] }, _followee: { id: Us
 	if (followee.isLocked || (followeeProfile.carefulBot && follower.isBot) || (Users.isLocalUser(follower) && Users.isRemoteUser(followee))) {
 		let autoAccept = false;
 
-		// 鍵アカウントであっても、既にフォローされていた場合はスルー
+		// Even for locked accounts, if they are already following, go through immediately.
 		const following = await Followings.countBy({
 			followerId: follower.id,
 			followeeId: followee.id,
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ export default async function(_follower: { id: User['id'] }, _followee: { id: Us
 			autoAccept = true;
 		}
 
-		// フォローしているユーザーは自動承認オプション
+		// handle automatic approval for users that follow you, if enabled
 		if (!autoAccept && (Users.isLocalUser(followee) && followeeProfile.autoAcceptFollowed)) {
 			const followed = await Followings.countBy({
 				followerId: followee.id,
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/services/note/unread.ts b/packages/backend/src/services/note/unread.ts
index dcd1056e3..4ef257c21 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/services/note/unread.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/services/note/unread.ts
@@ -3,27 +3,27 @@ import { publishMainStream } from '@/services/stream.js';
 import { User } from '@/models/entities/user.js';
 import { Mutings, NoteThreadMutings, NoteUnreads } from '@/models/index.js';
 import { genId } from '@/misc/gen-id.js';
+import { SECOND } from '@/const.js';
 
 export async function insertNoteUnread(userId: User['id'], note: Note, params: {
-	// NOTE: isSpecifiedがtrueならisMentionedは必ずfalse
+	// NOTE: if isSpecified is true, isMentioned is always false
 	isSpecified: boolean;
 	isMentioned: boolean;
 }): Promise<void> {
-	//#region ミュートしているなら無視
-	// TODO: 現在の仕様ではChannelにミュートは適用されないのでよしなにケアする
+	//#region ignore if muted
+	// TODO: The current design does not apply mutes to channels.
 	const muted = await Mutings.countBy({
 		muterId: userId,
 		muteeId: note.userId,
 	});
 	if (muted) return;
-	//#endregion
 
 	const threadMuted = await NoteThreadMutings.countBy({
-	// スレッドミュート
 		userId,
 		threadId: note.threadId || note.id,
 	});
 	if (threadMuted) return;
+	//#endregion
 
 	const unread = {
 		id: genId(),
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ export async function insertNoteUnread(userId: User['id'], note: Note, params: {
 
 	await NoteUnreads.insert(unread);
 
-	// 2秒経っても既読にならなかったら「未読の投稿がありますよ」イベントを発行する
+	// Issue the events for unread messages if it hasn't been read after 2 seconds.
 	setTimeout(async () => {
 		const exist = await NoteUnreads.countBy({ id: unread.id });
 
@@ -52,5 +52,5 @@ export async function insertNoteUnread(userId: User['id'], note: Note, params: {
 		if (note.channelId) {
 			publishMainStream(userId, 'unreadChannel', note.id);
 		}
-	}, 2000);
+	}, 2 * SECOND);
 }