diff --git a/packages/backend/src/queue/processors/inbox.ts b/packages/backend/src/queue/processors/inbox.ts
index 06dcf16c0..bd208546e 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/queue/processors/inbox.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/queue/processors/inbox.ts
@@ -137,6 +137,6 @@ export default async (job: Bull.Job<InboxJobData>): Promise<string> => {
 	});
 
 	// アクティビティを処理
-	await perform(authUser.user, activity);
+	await perform(authUser.user, activity, resolver);
 	return 'ok';
 };
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/accept/index.ts b/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/accept/index.ts
index ee0b6ed88..e2f5be16b 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/accept/index.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/accept/index.ts
@@ -4,13 +4,11 @@ import Resolver from '@/remote/activitypub/resolver.js';
 import { IAccept, isFollow, getApType } from '@/remote/activitypub/type.js';
 import acceptFollow from './follow.js';
 
-export default async (actor: CacheableRemoteUser, activity: IAccept): Promise<string> => {
+export default async (actor: CacheableRemoteUser, activity: IAccept, resolver: Resolver): Promise<string> => {
 	const uri = activity.id || activity;
 
 	apLogger.info(`Accept: ${uri}`);
 
-	const resolver = new Resolver();
-
 	const object = await resolver.resolve(activity.object).catch(e => {
 		apLogger.error(`Resolution failed: ${e}`);
 		throw e;
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/announce/index.ts b/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/announce/index.ts
index e32e8fef4..4c13d763d 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/announce/index.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/announce/index.ts
@@ -4,13 +4,11 @@ import Resolver from '@/remote/activitypub/resolver.js';
 import { IAnnounce, getApId } from '@/remote/activitypub/type.js';
 import announceNote from './note.js';
 
-export default async (actor: CacheableRemoteUser, activity: IAnnounce): Promise<void> => {
+export default async (actor: CacheableRemoteUser, activity: IAnnounce, resolver: Resolver): Promise<void> => {
 	const uri = getApId(activity);
 
 	apLogger.info(`Announce: ${uri}`);
 
-	const resolver = new Resolver();
-
 	const targetUri = getApId(activity.object);
 
 	announceNote(resolver, actor, activity, targetUri);
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/create/index.ts b/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/create/index.ts
index e7531d3d3..a3abd4815 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/create/index.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/create/index.ts
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import { ICreate, getApId, isPost, getApType } from '../../type.js';
 import { apLogger } from '../../logger.js';
 import createNote from './note.js';
 
-export default async (actor: CacheableRemoteUser, activity: ICreate): Promise<void> => {
+export default async (actor: CacheableRemoteUser, activity: ICreate, resolver: Resolver): Promise<void> => {
 	const uri = getApId(activity);
 
 	apLogger.info(`Create: ${uri}`);
@@ -26,8 +26,6 @@ export default async (actor: CacheableRemoteUser, activity: ICreate): Promise<vo
 		activity.object.attributedTo = activity.actor;
 	}
 
-	const resolver = new Resolver();
-
 	const object = await resolver.resolve(activity.object).catch(e => {
 		apLogger.error(`Resolution failed: ${e}`);
 		throw e;
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/index.ts b/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/index.ts
index e2da77ef0..d1c1199b7 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/index.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/index.ts
@@ -18,13 +18,12 @@ import remove from './remove/index.js';
 import block from './block/index.js';
 import flag from './flag/index.js';
 
-export async function performActivity(actor: CacheableRemoteUser, activity: IObject) {
+export async function performActivity(actor: CacheableRemoteUser, activity: IObject, resolver: Resolver) {
 	if (isCollectionOrOrderedCollection(activity)) {
-		const resolver = new Resolver();
 		for (const item of toArray(isCollection(activity) ? activity.items : activity.orderedItems)) {
 			const act = await resolver.resolve(item);
 			try {
-				await performOneActivity(actor, act);
+				await performOneActivity(actor, act, resolver);
 			} catch (err) {
 				if (err instanceof Error || typeof err === 'string') {
 					apLogger.error(err);
@@ -32,37 +31,37 @@ export async function performActivity(actor: CacheableRemoteUser, activity: IObj
 			}
 		}
 	} else {
-		await performOneActivity(actor, activity);
+		await performOneActivity(actor, activity, resolver);
 	}
 }
 
-async function performOneActivity(actor: CacheableRemoteUser, activity: IObject): Promise<void> {
+async function performOneActivity(actor: CacheableRemoteUser, activity: IObject, resolver: Resolver): Promise<void> {
 	if (actor.isSuspended) return;
 
 	if (isCreate(activity)) {
-		await create(actor, activity);
+		await create(actor, activity, resolver);
 	} else if (isDelete(activity)) {
 		await performDeleteActivity(actor, activity);
 	} else if (isUpdate(activity)) {
-		await performUpdateActivity(actor, activity);
+		await performUpdateActivity(actor, activity, resolver);
 	} else if (isRead(activity)) {
 		await performReadActivity(actor, activity);
 	} else if (isFollow(activity)) {
 		await follow(actor, activity);
 	} else if (isAccept(activity)) {
-		await accept(actor, activity);
+		await accept(actor, activity, resolver);
 	} else if (isReject(activity)) {
-		await reject(actor, activity);
+		await reject(actor, activity, resolver);
 	} else if (isAdd(activity)) {
 		await add(actor, activity).catch(err => apLogger.error(err));
 	} else if (isRemove(activity)) {
 		await remove(actor, activity).catch(err => apLogger.error(err));
 	} else if (isAnnounce(activity)) {
-		await announce(actor, activity);
+		await announce(actor, activity, resolver);
 	} else if (isLike(activity)) {
 		await like(actor, activity);
 	} else if (isUndo(activity)) {
-		await undo(actor, activity);
+		await undo(actor, activity, resolver);
 	} else if (isBlock(activity)) {
 		await block(actor, activity);
 	} else if (isFlag(activity)) {
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/reject/index.ts b/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/reject/index.ts
index f75b8b44f..bb6138a6d 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/reject/index.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/reject/index.ts
@@ -4,13 +4,11 @@ import { IReject, isFollow, getApType } from '../../type.js';
 import Resolver from '../../resolver.js';
 import rejectFollow from './follow.js';
 
-export default async (actor: CacheableRemoteUser, activity: IReject): Promise<string> => {
+export default async (actor: CacheableRemoteUser, activity: IReject, resolver: Resolver): Promise<string> => {
 	const uri = activity.id || activity;
 
 	apLogger.info(`Reject: ${uri}`);
 
-	const resolver = new Resolver();
-
 	const object = await resolver.resolve(activity.object).catch(e => {
 		apLogger.error(`Resolution failed: ${e}`);
 		throw e;
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/undo/index.ts b/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/undo/index.ts
index d85a68fdc..5233a8a5b 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/undo/index.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/undo/index.ts
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import undoLike from './like.js';
 import undoAccept from './accept.js';
 import { undoAnnounce } from './announce.js';
 
-export default async (actor: CacheableRemoteUser, activity: IUndo): Promise<string> => {
+export default async (actor: CacheableRemoteUser, activity: IUndo, resolver: Resolver): Promise<string> => {
 	if ('actor' in activity && actor.uri !== activity.actor) {
 		throw new Error('invalid actor');
 	}
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ export default async (actor: CacheableRemoteUser, activity: IUndo): Promise<stri
 
 	apLogger.info(`Undo: ${uri}`);
 
-	const resolver = new Resolver();
 	const object = await resolver.resolve(activity.object).catch(e => {
 		apLogger.error(`Resolution failed: ${e}`);
 		throw e;
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/update/index.ts b/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/update/index.ts
index 29a352f2f..d9ca414c8 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/update/index.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/update/index.ts
@@ -8,15 +8,13 @@ import { updatePerson } from '@/remote/activitypub/models/person.js';
 /**
  * Updateアクティビティを捌きます
  */
-export default async (actor: CacheableRemoteUser, activity: IUpdate): Promise<string> => {
+export default async (actor: CacheableRemoteUser, activity: IUpdate, resolver: Resolver): Promise<string> => {
 	if ('actor' in activity && actor.uri !== activity.actor) {
 		return 'skip: invalid actor';
 	}
 
 	apLogger.debug('Update');
 
-	const resolver = new Resolver();
-
 	const object = await resolver.resolve(activity.object).catch(e => {
 		apLogger.error(`Resolution failed: ${e}`);
 		throw e;
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/misc/auth-user.ts b/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/misc/auth-user.ts
index 172fa8809..d8a7202f2 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/misc/auth-user.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/misc/auth-user.ts
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ function authUserFromApId(uri: string): Promise<AuthUser | null> {
 
 export async function getAuthUser(keyId: string, actorUri: string, resolver: Resolver): Promise<AuthUser | null> {
 	let authUser = await publicKeyCache.fetch(keyId)
-		.then(key => {
+		.then(async key => {
 			if (!key) return null;
 			else return {
 				user: await userByIdCache.fetch(key.userId),
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/models/image.ts b/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/models/image.ts
index d9d533f4d..d13412579 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/models/image.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/models/image.ts
@@ -11,13 +11,13 @@ import { apLogger } from '../logger.js';
 /**
  * Imageを作成します。
  */
-export async function createImage(actor: CacheableRemoteUser, value: any): Promise<DriveFile> {
+export async function createImage(actor: CacheableRemoteUser, value: any, resolver: Resolver): Promise<DriveFile> {
 	// 投稿者が凍結されていたらスキップ
 	if (actor.isSuspended) {
 		throw new Error('actor has been suspended');
 	}
 
-	const image = await new Resolver().resolve(value) as any;
+	const image = await resolver.resolve(value) as any;
 
 	if (image.url == null) {
 		throw new Error('invalid image: url not privided');
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@ export async function createImage(actor: CacheableRemoteUser, value: any): Promi
  * If the target Image is registered in FoundKey, return it; otherwise, fetch it from the remote server and return it.
  * Fetch the image from the remote server, register it in FoundKey and return it.
  */
-export async function resolveImage(actor: CacheableRemoteUser, value: any): Promise<DriveFile> {
+export async function resolveImage(actor: CacheableRemoteUser, value: any, resolver: Resolver): Promise<DriveFile> {
 	// TODO
 
-	// リモートサーバーからフェッチしてきて登録
-	return await createImage(actor, value);
+	// Fetch from remote server and register it.
+	return await createImage(actor, value, resolver);
 }
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/models/mention.ts b/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/models/mention.ts
index 9baf82f59..38ac7dd2e 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/models/mention.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/models/mention.ts
@@ -5,11 +5,9 @@ import { IObject, isMention, IApMention } from '../type.js';
 import Resolver from '../resolver.js';
 import { resolvePerson } from './person.js';
 
-export async function extractApMentions(tags: IObject | IObject[] | null | undefined) {
+export async function extractApMentions(tags: IObject | IObject[] | null | undefined, resolver: Resolver) {
 	const hrefs = unique(extractApMentionObjects(tags).map(x => x.href as string));
 
-	const resolver = new Resolver();
-
 	const limit = promiseLimit<CacheableUser | null>(2);
 	const mentionedUsers = (await Promise.all(
 		hrefs.map(x => limit(() => resolvePerson(x, resolver).catch(() => null))),
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/models/note.ts b/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/models/note.ts
index a53783785..c1aa07f05 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/models/note.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/models/note.ts
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ export async function fetchNote(object: string | IObject): Promise<Note | null>
 /**
  * Noteを作成します。
  */
-export async function createNote(value: string | IObject, resolver?: Resolver = new Resolver(), silent = false): Promise<Note | null> {
+export async function createNote(value: string | IObject, resolver: Resolver, silent = false): Promise<Note | null> {
 	const object: any = await resolver.resolve(value);
 
 	const entryUri = getApId(value);
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ export async function createNote(value: string | IObject, resolver?: Resolver =
 
 	let isTalk = note._misskey_talk && visibility === 'specified';
 
-	const apMentions = await extractApMentions(note.tag);
+	const apMentions = await extractApMentions(note.tag, resolver);
 	const apHashtags = await extractApHashtags(note.tag);
 
 	// 添付ファイル
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ export async function createNote(value: string | IObject, resolver?: Resolver =
 	note.attachment = Array.isArray(note.attachment) ? note.attachment : note.attachment ? [note.attachment] : [];
 	const files = note.attachment
 		.map(attach => attach.sensitive = note.sensitive)
-		? (await Promise.all(note.attachment.map(x => limit(() => resolveImage(actor, x)) as Promise<DriveFile>)))
+		? (await Promise.all(note.attachment.map(x => limit(() => resolveImage(actor, x, resolver)) as Promise<DriveFile>)))
 			.filter(image => image != null)
 		: [];
 
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/models/person.ts b/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/models/person.ts
index a34612a74..13107f24f 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/models/person.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/models/person.ts
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ export async function fetchPerson(uri: string, resolver?: Resolver): Promise<Cac
 /**
  * Personを作成します。
  */
-export async function createPerson(uri: string, resolver?: Resolver = new Resolver()): Promise<User> {
+export async function createPerson(uri: string, resolver: Resolver): Promise<User> {
 	if (typeof uri !== 'string') throw new Error('uri is not string');
 
 	if (uri.startsWith(config.url)) {
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ export async function createPerson(uri: string, resolver?: Resolver = new Resolv
 	].map(img =>
 		img == null
 			? Promise.resolve(null)
-			: resolveImage(user!, img).catch(() => null),
+			: resolveImage(user!, img, resolver).catch(() => null),
 	));
 
 	const avatarId = avatar ? avatar.id : null;
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ export async function createPerson(uri: string, resolver?: Resolver = new Resolv
  * @param resolver Resolver
  * @param hint Hint of Person object (If this value is a valid Person, it is used for updating without Remote resolve.)
  */
-export async function updatePerson(uri: string, resolver?: Resolver = new Resolver(), hint?: IObject): Promise<void> {
+export async function updatePerson(uri: string, resolver: Resolver, hint?: IObject): Promise<void> {
 	if (typeof uri !== 'string') throw new Error('uri is not string');
 
 	// URIがこのサーバーを指しているならスキップ
@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ export async function updatePerson(uri: string, resolver?: Resolver = new Resolv
 	].map(img =>
 		img == null
 			? Promise.resolve(null)
-			: resolveImage(exist, img).catch(() => null),
+			: resolveImage(exist, img, resolver).catch(() => null),
 	));
 
 	// カスタム絵文字取得
@@ -386,7 +386,7 @@ export async function updatePerson(uri: string, resolver?: Resolver = new Resolv
  * If the target Person is registered in FoundKey, return it; otherwise, fetch it from a remote server and return it.
  * Fetch the person from the remote server, register it in FoundKey, and return it.
  */
-export async function resolvePerson(uri: string, resolver?: Resolver): Promise<CacheableUser> {
+export async function resolvePerson(uri: string, resolver: Resolver): Promise<CacheableUser> {
 	if (typeof uri !== 'string') throw new Error('uri is not string');
 
 	//#region このサーバーに既に登録されていたらそれを返す
@@ -398,7 +398,7 @@ export async function resolvePerson(uri: string, resolver?: Resolver): Promise<C
 	//#endregion
 
 	// リモートサーバーからフェッチしてきて登録
-	return await createPerson(uri, resolver ?? new Resolver());
+	return await createPerson(uri, resolver);
 }
 
 const services: {
@@ -455,15 +455,13 @@ export function analyzeAttachments(attachments: IObject | IObject[] | undefined)
 	return { fields, services };
 }
 
-export async function updateFeatured(userId: User['id'], resolver?: Resolver) {
+async function updateFeatured(userId: User['id'], resolver: Resolver) {
 	const user = await Users.findOneByOrFail({ id: userId });
 	if (!Users.isRemoteUser(user)) return;
 	if (!user.featured) return;
 
 	apLogger.info(`Updating the featured: ${user.uri}`);
 
-	if (resolver == null) resolver = new Resolver();
-
 	// Resolve to (Ordered)Collection Object
 	const collection = await resolver.resolveCollection(user.featured);
 	if (!isCollectionOrOrderedCollection(collection)) throw new Error('Object is not Collection or OrderedCollection');
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/models/question.ts b/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/models/question.ts
index 9c0a0c52e..f14148f95 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/models/question.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/models/question.ts
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import Resolver from '../resolver.js';
 import { IObject, IQuestion, isQuestion } from '../type.js';
 import { apLogger } from '../logger.js';
 
-export async function extractPollFromQuestion(source: string | IObject, resolver?: Resolver = new Resolver()): Promise<IPoll> {
+export async function extractPollFromQuestion(source: string | IObject, resolver: Resolver): Promise<IPoll> {
 	const question = await resolver.resolve(source);
 
 	if (!isQuestion(question)) {
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ export async function extractPollFromQuestion(source: string | IObject, resolver
  * @param resolver Resolver to use
  * @returns true if updated
  */
-export async function updateQuestion(value: string | IObject, resolver?: Resolver = new Resolver()) {
+export async function updateQuestion(value: string | IObject, resolver: Resolver) {
 	const uri = typeof value === 'string' ? value : value.id;
 
 	// URIがこのサーバーを指しているならスキップ
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/perform.ts b/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/perform.ts
index c8ecff3e7..0d90ba2cf 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/perform.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/perform.ts
@@ -3,15 +3,16 @@ import { CacheableRemoteUser } from '@/models/entities/user.js';
 import { IObject } from './type.js';
 import { performActivity } from './kernel/index.js';
 import { updatePerson } from './models/person.js';
+import Resolver from './resolver.js';
 
-export default async (actor: CacheableRemoteUser, activity: IObject): Promise<void> => {
-	await performActivity(actor, activity);
+export default async (actor: CacheableRemoteUser, activity: IObject, resolver: Resolver): Promise<void> => {
+	await performActivity(actor, activity, resolver);
 
 	// And while I'm at it, I'll update the remote user information if it's out of date.
 	if (actor.uri) {
 		if (actor.lastFetchedAt == null || Date.now() - actor.lastFetchedAt.getTime() > DAY) {
 			setImmediate(() => {
-				updatePerson(actor.uri!);
+				updatePerson(actor.uri!, resolver);
 			});
 		}
 	}
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/remote/resolve-user.ts b/packages/backend/src/remote/resolve-user.ts
index 77dfaad7c..309304d5e 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/remote/resolve-user.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/remote/resolve-user.ts
@@ -9,10 +9,11 @@ import { Users } from '@/models/index.js';
 import webFinger from './webfinger.js';
 import { createPerson, updatePerson } from './activitypub/models/person.js';
 import { remoteLogger } from './logger.js';
+import Resolver from './activitypub/resolver.js';
 
 const logger = remoteLogger.createSubLogger('resolve-user');
 
-export async function resolveUser(username: string, idnHost: string | null): Promise<User> {
+export async function resolveUser(username: string, idnHost: string | null, resolver: Resolver = new Resolver()): Promise<User> {
 	const usernameLower = username.toLowerCase();
 
 	if (idnHost == null) {
@@ -47,7 +48,7 @@ export async function resolveUser(username: string, idnHost: string | null): Pro
 		const self = await resolveSelf(acctLower);
 
 		logger.succ(`return new remote user: ${chalk.magenta(acctLower)}`);
-		return await createPerson(self);
+		return await createPerson(self, resolver);
 	}
 
 	// If user information is out of date, start over with webfinger
@@ -81,7 +82,7 @@ export async function resolveUser(username: string, idnHost: string | null): Pro
 			logger.info(`uri is fine: ${acctLower}`);
 		}
 
-		await updatePerson(self);
+		await updatePerson(self, resolver);
 
 		logger.info(`return resynced remote user: ${acctLower}`);
 		return await Users.findOneBy({ uri: self }).then(u => {
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/ap/show.ts b/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/ap/show.ts
index ef66bac3f..0fb006b70 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/ap/show.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/ap/show.ts
@@ -114,8 +114,8 @@ async function fetchAny(uri: string, me: CacheableLocalUser | null | undefined):
 
 	return await mergePack(
 		me,
-		isActor(object) ? await createPerson(getApId(object)) : null,
-		isPost(object) ? await createNote(getApId(object), undefined, true) : null,
+		isActor(object) ? await createPerson(getApId(object), resolver) : null,
+		isPost(object) ? await createNote(getApId(object), resolver, true) : null,
 	);
 }
 
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/federation/update-remote-user.ts b/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/federation/update-remote-user.ts
index 8b7be8e36..88134684e 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/federation/update-remote-user.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/server/api/endpoints/federation/update-remote-user.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import Resolver from '@/remote/activitypub/resolver.js';
 import { updatePerson } from '@/remote/activitypub/models/person.js';
 import define from '../../define.js';
 import { getRemoteUser } from '../../common/getters.js';
@@ -19,5 +20,5 @@ export const paramDef = {
 // eslint-disable-next-line import/no-default-export
 export default define(meta, paramDef, async (ps) => {
 	const user = await getRemoteUser(ps.userId);
-	await updatePerson(user.uri!);
+	await updatePerson(user.uri!, new Resolver());
 });